Explanation about Prefixes meN- and peN in Bahasa Indonesia

Prefixes meN- and peN in Learning Indonesian

The capital N represents a sound which changes depending on the fi rst sound of the base. N can appear as one of the nasals m, n, ny, ng, or as zero. Sometimes the nasal comes before the fi rst sound of the base and sometimes it replaces the fi rst sound. (Initial p, t, s and k are fi rst sounds that, as a rule, are replaced.)

The rules are illustrated by meN- but apply equally to peN- and peN-…-an. Exceptions to the rules

and the affi xation with single-syllable. N becomes ng before a vowel

If the word begins with a vowel, prefi x meng- is attached:

meN- + ajar −> mengajar

meN- + ekspor −> mengekspor

meN- + erang −> mengerang

meN- + olah −> mengolah

meN- + urus −> mengurus

N becomes m with initial b, p, f  If the word begins with b, p or f, prefi x mem- occurs. Initial p

is lost:

meN- + beli −> membeli

meN- + pakai −> memakai

meN- + fi tnah −> memfi tnah

N becomes n with initial d, t, c, j, sy, z If the word begins with d, t, c, j, sy or z, prefi x men- occurs.

Initial t is lost:

meN- + dengar −> mendengar

meN- + tulis −> menulis

meN- + cari −> mencari

meN- + jual −> menjual

meN- + syarat + -kan −> mensyaratkan

meN- + ziarah + -i −> menziarahi

N becomes ny with initial s If the word begins with s, prefi x meny- occurs. Initial s is lost:

meny- + sewa −> menyewa

N becomes ng with initial g, k, h, kh If the word begins with g, k, h or kh, prefi x meng- occurs. Initial k is lost:

meN- + ganggu −> mengganggu

meN- + kirim −> mengirim

meN- + hilang −> menghilang

meN- + khawatir + -kan −> mengkhawatirkan

N is lost before other initial sounds If the word begins with l, r, m, n, ny, ng, w or y, prefi x meoccurs:

meN- + lihat −> melihat

meN- + rasa −> merasa

meN- + masak −> memasak

meN- + nanti −> menanti

meN- + nyanyi −> menyanyi

meN- + nganga −> menganga

meN- + wakil + -i −> mewakili

meN- + yakin + -i −> meyakini

Sometimes the same sequence of sounds can result from different combinations of N and initial base sound, so the initial sound of the base cannot be predicted from the form of the Sound changes in

derived verb. Thus, ny results both from meny + s (which is

lost) and from

me + ny: menyewa from meny- + sewa

menyanyi from me- + nyanyi

The sequence of ng and a vowel can result from three combinations:

Mengarang     from   meng- + karang

Mengarang     from   meng- + arang

Menganga      from   me- + nganga

N undergoes the same changes with affi xes peN- and peN-…-an as it does with meN-. For example:

peN- + tulis −> penulis

peN- + tulis + -an −> penulisan

Exceptions to the rules for N

If prefi x meN- is followed by prefi x per-, the initial p of per- is not lost:

meN- + per- + lebar −> memperlebar

meN + per- + oleh −> memperoleh

If the base begins with the sequence perC (that is, per followed by a consonant), the initial p is lost irregularly:

meN- + percaya + -i −> mempercayai

meN- + pergok + -i −> mempergoki,

  memergoki

meN- + percik + -i −> memerciki

The p of prefi x per- and of base-initial perC is lost following

prefi x peN-:

peN- + per- + satu −> pemersatu

peN- + per- + oleh + -an −> pemerolehan

peN- + perkosa −> pemerkosa

With some bases initial p, t, s and k are not lost. If s is not lost, N becomes n. With the exception of verbs beginning with perC, this is almost entirely confi ned to words borrowed from other

languages. The initial sound is most likely to be retained if the word is still felt to be foreign. Thus retention of the sound is common in words beginning with consonant clusters, which do not occur in indigenous words:

meN- + proklamasi + -kan −> memproklamasikan

meN- + traktir −> mentraktir

meN- + swadaya + -kan −> menswadayakan

meN- + klasifi kasi + -kan −> mengklasifi kasikan

Initial p, t, s and k are sometimes retained in borrowings, even where there is no initial consonant cluster. As a borrowing becomes more accepted as an Indonesian word, the tendency increases for people to use the more regular form without the initial consonant of the base. During a transition period, both forms occur:

meN- + protes −> memprotes,

meN- + taat + -i −> mentaati, menaati

meN- + sukses + -kan −> mensukseskan,

menyukseskan

meN- + kritik −> mengkritik,

The time at which the ‘changeover’ occurs and the length of the transition period differs from word to word (and to some extent from speaker to speaker). Thus, mentaati and menaati ‘obey’ continue to exist side by side, while after many years of use menterjemahkan ‘translate’ was completely replaced by menerjemahkan in a very short period during the mid-1980s. In a few non-borrowed words, base-initial p remains. The word mempengaruhi ‘infl uence’, from base pengaruh, may

result from interpretation of the word as having prefi x peN-. However, mempunyai ‘possess’, from base punya, must be regarded as an exception in the modern language. With kaji both possibilities occur, but with different meanings: mengaji ‘recite the Quran’, pengajian ‘Quran reading’,

and mengkaji ‘to research, carry out study’, pengkajian ‘study, research’. Prefi x peng- occurs with the bases lihat, rajin and lepas:

penglihatan ‘sight’, pengrajin ‘craftsman’, penglepasan ‘release’ (as well as pelepasan). During the early 1990s there was an increasing tendency for pengrajin to be regularised as perajin.

The base tahu ‘know’ takes the prefi xes menge- and penge-: mengetahui ‘get to know’, pengetahuan ‘knowledge’. N becomes ny and initial sy is lost from the base syair:

menyair ‘write poetry’, penyair ‘poet’.

MeN- and peN- with single-syllable bases

With single-syllable bases, which are all borrowings from other languages, meN- and peN- optionally become menge- and penge-. The regular form of the prefi x can occur instead, in which

case initial p, t, s, k are not lost. Some people recognise only the menge- variant as being standard.4 The frequency of either form depends both on the individual base and personal preference:

meN- + pel −> mengepel, mempel

meN- + cek −> mengecek, mencek

meN- + bom −> mengebom, membom

meN- + tik −> mengetik, mentik

meN- + sah + -kan −> mengesahkan,

mensahkan

meN- + rem −> mengerem, merem

Derivatives with peN- and peN-…-an act similarly:

peN- + bom + -an −> pengeboman,

pemboman

peN- + sah + -an −> pengesahan,

pensahan

With passive prefi x di- the base occurs in the normal way: dibom, dipel and so on. With the borrowed word tik ‘type’ ke- optionally occurs in the passive: ditik, diketik. Because of

this, both ketik and tik are recognised as bases. Some people regard menge- as containing a prefi x ke-, which functions to form a two-syllable base, such forms being the most common base in indigenous words. The retention of nge in reduplicated

bases   strengthens this view.

Reduplicated bases with meN- and peN

When a base prefi xed with meN- is reduplicated, N is retained on the reduplicated base where the initial consonant has been lost. The symbol R represents full base reduplication

:

meN- + bagi-R −> membagi-bagi

meN- + amat-R + -i −> mengamat-amati

meN- + minta-R −> meminta-minta

meN- + pijit-R −> memijit-mijit

meN- + tulis-R −> menulis-nulis

meN- + kayuh-R −> mengayuh-ngayuh

When meN- is realised as menge- before a single-syllable base , the sequence nge occurs on the reduplicated base:

meN- + cek-R −> mengecek-ngecek

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